These “tests” are tests that use references to unsubstantiated statements that are believed to be correct, only by a non-existent analogy with truly proven correct statements. Such is the case with the third, according to Robertson (Robertson, 1949), “fundamental test” of the special theory of relativity:
Ives–Stilwell experiment.
According to contemporary physics, the Ives-Stilwell experiment (Ives & Stilwell, 1938), tested the contribution of relativistic time dilation to the Doppler shift of the frequency of electromagnetic radiation (the light).
In the experiment, a tube for “canal (channel) rays” (a mixture of hydrogen ions) is used, which is actually a gas discharge tube in which the cathode is made of perforated plates. An AC rectifier, capable of delivering up to 30,000 volts, has been used to maintain a high negative potential applied to the accelerating electrode, through whose openings (channels) the accelerated ions emitting photons pass. The beam of emitted photons and its reflected image is observed simultaneously with the help of a concave mirror, shifted to 7° from the beam. A measuring microscope is used to fix the displacement of Hβ spectral line of the Balmer spectral series of the hydrogen atom emission spectrum. This displacement was claimed to be due to the Doppler effect.
However, the Ives-Stilwell experiment (1938), along with their follow-up experiment (Ives & Stilwell, 1941), has a number of unsatisfactory aspects. Their experimental results are deemed inconclusive not only in the comprehensive review by Wallace Kantor, a seasoned experimenter in this field. (Kantor, 1971).
The correct explanation of the results of the experiment is that the frequency (the energy) of the emitted quantum (photon) is always the same, regardless of the direction of movement and the speed of the hydrogen ion that emitted it. In our case, the frequency of the emitted quantum by the hydrogen atom corresponds only and precisely to the difference in energy states of the atom corresponding to the Hβ spectral line of the Balmer spectral series – (Ephoton = E2 – E1 = ħν), where ħ is the Planck’s constant, ν is the frequency, and E is the energy of the quantum (photon). However, the energy of the emitted quantum (which means its frequency), changes at the collision with the moving hydrogen ion that belongs to the moving oncoming beam.
Actually, the Ives-Stilwell experiment obeys Schrodinger’s dynamical treatment. According to Schrodinger, the so-called “Doppler effect for photons” is nothing but a consequence of the energy exchange in case of collision between an atom (in our case a hydrogen ion) and a quantum (photon). This energy exchange depends on the speed (momentum) of the hydrogen ion, and on the angle between the trajectories of the colliding hydrogen ion and the photon. After the collision, the speed of the photon remains constant (the same) – (c0=λν), however, its energy (frequency) will be changed – (Δν = ΔE / ħ).
Therefore, the explanation that the observed changing the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is due to the “Doppler effect” – is not true:
• If the “Doppler effect” is valid for electromagnetic waves, then the frequency of the emitted photons in the “East direction” (by a stationary source in relation to the moving ground surface), will be different from the frequency of the emitted photons in “West direction”!
• If the “Doppler Effect” is valid for electromagnetic waves, why the electromagnetic signals from space probes “Pioneer 10”, “Pioneer 11”, “Galileo”, and “Ulysses”, which are moving away from the Sun (respectively from the Earth), are blue-shifted? (instead of being red-shifted…)
On this page, the incorrectly called “Doppler radar” is discussed, when the energy) of the photon is changing at the collision with a moving object. The Doppler effect is an effect of mechanical waves, which are vibrations of matter, but electromagnetic waves have no material character. Moreover, to state “by analogy” (about the presence of the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves), without real arguments, is not admissible in science. Every foolishness, however, is admissible for the luminaries of theoretical physics…
A shift of the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation is observed ONLY in the case of reflection of the electromagnetic quanta (in the case of collision between the quanta and atoms of the moving material body) – it is a case of an exchange of energy between the quanta and the atoms of the moving material body. The change of energy is a change in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation (ΔE = ħ.Δν).
No one has provided experimental evidence for a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic waves when they are not reflected!!!
The conclusion is undeniable:
“Doppler Effect is an effect ONLY in the case of mechanical waves (which are vibrations of material particles in the elastic material medium), and does not exist at electromagnetic waves (which are a spread of quanta radially from the source of the electromagnetic radiation).
Mössbauer rotor experiments
Concerning the Mössbauer rotor experiments that are also considered as confirmation of the “relativistic Doppler effect”. The experiments are based on the Mössbauer effect. The Mössbauer effect, also called recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption, is a nuclear process permitting the resonance absorption of gamma rays. The physical phenomenon was discovered by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1958. The absorption occurs at exactly the same energy of the quanta, resulting in а strong resonant absorption of the gamma quanta by the atomic nuclei in the lattice of the solid, so the energy is not lost at the recoil.
The Mössbauer rotor experiments usually use a source of gamma rays located in the center of a rotating disk. The gamma rays are sent to the resonance absorber, located on the rim of the rotating disk. A stationary counter, measuring the number of unabsorbed quanta, is placed outside the rotating resonance absorber. When the disk with the absorber rotates, the number of unabsorbed quanta, measured by the stationary counter outside the rotation disk, increases.
According to the explanation given according to the accepted explanation of modern physics with the “Doppler effect for photons”, the characteristic resonance absorption frequency of the moving absorber at the rim of the rotating disk should decrease due to relativistic time dilation, so the passage of the gamma-rays through the absorber increases, which is subsequently measured by the stationary counter outside the absorber.
In fact, the result of the Mössbauer rotor-experiments also obeys Schrӧdinger’s dynamical treatment. They are also explained as a consequence of the energy exchange (on the collision) between an atom (in that case the atom in the lattice of the solid) and a gamma-quantum. Actually, the process of absorption is a momentary energy process at the impact between the gamma-quanta (with precisely certain energy) and resonant nuclei in the rotating absorber on the rim of the rotating disk. When the absorber rotates, the momentum of atoms of the absorber changes, and the energy of atoms becomes different from the necessary exact “resonance” energy at the absorption of the gamma-quantum.
Therefore, this is the reason why the passage of the gamma-quantum through the absorber increases in the rotation of the disc and is subsequently reported by the stationary counter outside the absorber.
Kündig’s experiment
Concerning Kündig’s experiment, based on the Mössbauer rotor-experiments. In his article “Measurement of the Transverse Doppler Effect in an Accelerated System” (Kündig, 1963), Walter Kündig reports: “measured transverse Doppler shift agrees within an experimental error of 1.1% with the predictions of the theory of relativity”. However, after re-analyzing, there are different doubts about the given explanation of the experiment. In the article “Kündig’s experiment on the transverse Doppler shift re-analyzed”(Kholmetskii & all, 2008), the authors do not agree:
“We are inclined to think that the revealed deviation of ΔE/E from relativistic prediction cannot be explained by any instrumental error and thus represents a physical effect. In particular, we assume that the energy shift of the absorption resonant line is induced not only by the standard time dilation effect, but also by some additional effect missed at the moment, and related perhaps to the fact that resonant nuclei in the rotating absorber represent a macroscopic quantum system and cannot be considered as freely moving particles.” (Kholmetskii & all, 2008).
It actually turns out, the real explanation of Kündig’s experiment is the same as that given for the Mössbauer rotor experiments.
We can conclude that the Doppler effect is an effect of the mechanical waves, which are vibrations of matter, of the vibrating particles (matter) in the stationary space. The electromagnetic field together with the gravitational field exists on space and warps the space. That is why, electromagnetic radiation is a vibration (oscillation) of the space itself – and therefore, the “Doppler effect” is not applicable to electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, in the monograph “Accelerating Expansion of the Universe – the Reasonable Alternative”, ISBN: 9798703848845, is founded that the vacuum (the so-called “empty space”) turns out to be accumulated energy, “compressed” at different levels by the fundamental forces of nature.
Furthermore, the delusion of the existence of the “Doppler effect for photons” has caused other major problems in physics today, such as: “the accelerating expansion of the Universe”, despite the universal attraction in the Universe. This delusion modern physics is trying to explain with the fiction “dark energy”, (whose nature is inexplicable even for the modern cosmologists themselves), and the presence of an illogically high percentage of some unknown kind of “dark matter” in the Universe (which is not observed, despite the numerous experiments and various methods used)…
These problems find their explanation in the abovementioned monograph “Accelerating Expansion of the Universe – the Reasonable Alternative”, and, as well as according to the “Thesis on the behavior of the electromagnetic radiation in the gravitational field of the Universe”, presented in Chapter 10 of the monograph “The Special Theory of Relativity – the Biggest Blunder in Physics of the 20th Century”.
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