The first type of tests uses the trick “liar paradox”. They interpret the experiments by referring to the false results of the special theory of relativity, which is, in fact, a “logical circular reference” (see mark 5 above). However, we all know that the “circular reference” is inadmissible – both in mathematics (e.g. in spreadsheets) and in logic.
According to Robertson (Robertson, 1949), the following three experiments are the fundamental tests of the special theory of relativity. The first two experiments refer to the first type of tests:
Michelson-Morley experiment.
From the analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment, we have seen the reason for the inability of the Michelson interferometer to ascertain the difference in the speed of light in different directions in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface. As a result, based on the Michelson-Morley experiment, the claim “the speed of light is the same in all inertial frames of reference” was imposed. From the analysis of the article “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”, as well as the declarations of Einstein himself, the special theory of relativity was created on the basis of this erroneous claim. In other words, it turns out that the results of the special relativity are a consequence of the inappropriate conceptual design used in Michelson’s interferometer, the advanced version of which is used in the famous Michelson-Morley experiment.
But, however, there is no problem to overturn the causal relationship! For modern physics, the Michelson-Morley experiment is a fundamental experiment, which proves the results of the special theory of relativity. Even more, the experiment establishes a relationship between the longitudinal and transverse lengths of the moving bodies! This is nothing else than a classic example of “logical circular reference”, of a classical use of the trick “liar paradox” – that the “truth” value of a statement cannot be evaluated by reference to a previously accepted value of the statement itself (self-referring) – see mark 5 above. The genuine scientific analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment, according to the physical reality, was given on this site.
Kennedy–Thorndike experiment.
As it was grounded in the subpage “Behavior of the electromagnetic radiation in the global physical reality of the Universe”, the speed of light in vacuum, does not change when the Earth travels in its orbit around the Sun and along with the Solar System in the Galaxy. The speed of light in vacuum (in relation to the stationary space), depends on the intensity of the gravitational field. That is why the speed of light in vacuum does not change when the Earth travels in its orbit around the Sun and along with the Solar System in the Galaxy, because, during the motion of the Earth, the intensity of the gravitational field on its surface remains the same – dominated by the mass of the Earth.
The “speed of light anisotropy” in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface, however, is a fact that cannot be fixed by Michelson’s type interferometers. The Kennedy-Thorndike experiment does not principally differ from the Michelson-Morley experiment. The interferometer is actually a modified Michelson interferometer. The modification is that one arm of the interferometer used in the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment is shorter than the other one. Actually, the size of the arm does not matter, because the path of the light beam in two directions is again exactly equal and the difference in the speed of light in both directions is again completely compensated!
As was concluded from the analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment:
The interference fringes will never be displaced, because the difference in the speeds of each light beam in both directions of each of the arms will be fully compensated – regardless of the length of the arm, regardless of the direction of the arm!
So, the result of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment cannot be different: no phase displacements are detected as a result of the rotation of the Earth around its axis, which was ascertained in the experiments “One-way measurement of the speed of light” and “Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment”.
According to modern physics, however, the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment is explained by length contraction (which is a blunder result of the special theory of relativity). In the same way – the negative result of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment is explained by time dilation (the other blunder result of the special theory of relativity) … in addition to the length contraction…. From the report of the experiment:
“Using this null result and that of the Michelson-Morley experiment we derive the Lorentz-Einstein transformations, which are tantamount to the relativity principle.” (Kennedy & Thorndike, 1932).
We see that none of the two experiments can be any proof of the special theory of relativity, because the “truth” value of a statement cannot be evaluated by reference to a previously accepted value of the statement itself (self-referring).
So, the main question that needs to be put on the reliability of any experiment with a claim to prove the validity of a theory is:
“Whether the evaluation of the results of the experiment
refers to the results of this theory?”
It turns out that most of the tests on the validity of the special theory of relativity use the trick of “logical circular reference”. Therefore, these “tests” cannot serve as proof of the truth of any theory (in this case, the special theory of relativity).
Concerning the Sagnac experiment (see chapter 5) – the use of a “logical circular reference” relates not only to the reference (Malykin, 2000). Is it not irresponsible for a scholar to write on the Internet – (for example in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_special_relativity) that:
“Special relativity also predicts that two light rays traveling in opposite directions around a spinning closed path (e.g. a loop) require different flight times to come back to the moving emitter/receiver (this is a consequence of the independence of the speed of light from the velocity of the source, see above). This effect was actually observed and is called the Sagnac effect.”
This is absurd, even humiliating for modern physics, that the Sagnac effect, which proves the invalidity of the special theory of relativity, is presented as proof of its validity!!! It is interesting in this aspect, the monograph “Relativity in Rotating Frames: Relativistic Physics in Rotating Reference Frames” (Rizzi & Ruggiero, 2004) to be read, too… (pay and read)!
Concerning the experiment “Michelson-Gale-Pearson” – the detailed analysis and conclusion were given on this site.
Concerning the experiments “one-way measurement of the speed of light” – the “logical circular reference” is realized by modern physics – claiming that the “one-way” speed of light from a source to a detector, cannot be measured independently of a convention as to how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector! Here, it is understood that if a suitable convention is chosen to synchronize the clock of the source and the detector’s clock (what, of course, will not correspond to the physical reality), it can be “mathematically proven” that the speed of the light in the direction “east-west” and in the direction “west-east” is the same.
But let us go back to the “fundamental tests” of the special theory of relativity. Apart from the “logical circular reference”, that can prove whatever theory (because it is based on a reference to the theory itself), there are other ways of “proving” false theories:
2, Second type tests: Based on inadmissible analogy
3. Third type tests: Completely contrived (fabricated) tests